±×¸®ÇǽºÀÇ "ÀºÀÚÀÇ ³ª¶ó Á¶¼±"

William Elliot Griffis, Corea the Hermit Nation, New York, Charles Scrinber's Sons, 1882 -1911.

  û³ª¶ó°¡ ¿µ±¹°ú ³­Â¡Á¶¾à(1840)À» ¸Î°í ÀϺ»ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹°ú ÀϹÌÈ­Ä£Á¶¾à(1854)À» ¸ÎÀº °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇØ Á¶¼±ÀÌ ¼­¾çÁ¦±¹¿¡ ´ëÇØ °³±¹ÇÑ °ÍÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ê¾î ¹ÌÁ¶¼öÈ£Åë»óÁ¶¾àÀº 1882³â¿¡ ü°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®Çǽº°¡ ÀÌ Ã¥À» ¾´ 1880³â´ë¿¡´Â Á¶¼±Àº "¸¶Áö¸· ³²Àº ÀºÀÚÀÇ ³ª¶ó"·Î ±× ½ÇÅ´ °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 1882³â¿¡ ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ÃÊÆÇÀÌ ³ª¿À±â Àü¿¡´Â ¿µ¾î·Î µÈ ü°èÀûÀÎ Á¶¼±Á¤º¸°¡ ¾ø¾ú°í "ÀºÀÚÀÇ ³ª¶ó Á¶¼±"Àº ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ Å« Àα⸦ ¾ò¾î 1911³âÀÇ Á¦9ÆDZîÁö °è¼Ó Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­´Â 1894³âÀÇ Á¦4ÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

American Libraries Internet Archive
http://archive.org/details/coreahermitnatio00grifuoft

 ½Åº¹·æ¿ªÀº 1908³â¿¡ ³ª¿Â Á¦8ÆÇ¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

W. E. ±×¸®Çǽº ÁöÀ½, ½Åº¹·æ ¿ªÁÖ, ÀºÀÚÀÇ ³ª¶ó Çѱ¹, Áý¹®´ç, 1999.

 ±×¸®Çǽº´Â 1870-74³â¿¡ ÀϺ»¿¡ ü·ùÇϸç ÈÄÄíÀÌ¿Í µµÄì¿¡¼­ ¼­¾ç½Ä ±³À°Á¦µµ µµÀÔ¿¡ ÁÖ·ÂÇß´Ù. ±Í±¹ÈÄ 1876³â¿¡ "Ȳ±¹"(The Mikado's Empire)À» Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿© µ¿¾çÇÐÀڷμ­ À¯¸í¼¼¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®Çǽº´Â Á¶¼±À» ãÀº ÀûÀÌ ¾ø°í ÇÑÀÚµµ Çѱ۵µ ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾î ¼­À¯·´¾î·Î µÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇϸ鼭 ÀÌ Ã¥À» ½è´Ù.

 ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ Á¶¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇßÁö¸¸ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ ¸¸Å­ ¿À·ùµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼­´Â ±×¸®Çǽº°¡ Á¶¼±À» ¾î¶»°Ô ¼Ò°³Çß°í ½Åº¹·æÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¹ø¿ªÇß´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±ÛÀÚ »ö±òÀ» ¹Ù²Û °÷Àº ¹ø¿ª¿¡ Àǹ®ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. 19¼¼±â¸»ºÎÅÍ ¿µ¾î±Ç¿¡¼­´Â Â÷Â÷ Corea¿¡¼­ Korea·Î ¹Ù²åÁö¸¸ ±×¸®Çǽº´Â ÃÊÆǺÎÅÍ Corea¸¦ °è¼Ó »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ½Åº¹·æÀº "Çѱ¹"°ú "Á¶¼±"À» È¥¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¿©±â¿¡¼­´Â ÀÏ°üÇÏ¿© "Á¶¼±"À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ú´Ù.

 ¿ø¼­ ÆäÀÌÁöÀ§Ä¡´Â 1904³âÀÇ Á¦7ÆÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸Ç ³¡ ºÎºÐÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í´Â ÆÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¯ÇÔÀº ¾ø´Ù. Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ ±³Á¤ÇØ ÁֽŠK¾¾¿¡°Ô °¨»ç µå¸°´Ù.


ÀÏÁ¶°ü°è


 °í´ë ÀÏÁ¶°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ±×¸®Çǽº´Â ÀϺ»ÀÎÀÌ ºÎ¿©Á·ÀÇ ÈļÕÀÌ°í ¿ø·¡ Á¶¼±ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ»¹¿´´Ù°¡ °ð Á¤º¹ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù.

Steam has made the water a surer path than land, and Japan, once the pupil and anon the conqueror of the little kingdom, has in these last days become the helpful friend of Corea¡¯s people, and the opener of the long-sealed peninsula. (p. 10)
Áõ±â¼±ÀÌ ³ª¿ÈÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌÁ¦ °­Àº À庮ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À°Áöº¸´Ù ´õ È®½ÇÇÑ ÁøÀԷΰ¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, °ú°Å¿¡´Â ÀÌ ÀÛÀº ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ»¹À̾úÀ¸³ª °ð Á¤º¹ÀÚ·Î º¯½ÅÇÑ ÀϺ»Àº ÃÖ±Ù Çѱ¹Àο¡°Ô µµ¿òÀ» Áִ ģ±¸ÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºñ°æ(ÝúÌÑ)ÀÇ ÇѹݵµÀÇ °³¹æÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.(p. 47)

Between the years 29 and 79 A.D., according to the Japanese histories, an envoy from Shinra arrived in Japan, and after an audience had of the mikado, presented him with mirrors, swords, jade, and other works of skill and art. In this we have a hint as to the origin of Japanese decorative art. It is evident from these gifts, as well as from the reports of Chinese historians concerning to refined manners, the hereditary aristocracy, and the fortified strongholds of the Shinra people, that their grade of civilization was much higher than that of their northern neighbors. It was certainly superior to that of the Japanese, who, as we shall see, were soon tempted to make descents upon the fertile lands, rich, cities, and defenceless coasts of their visitors from the west. (p. 33)
ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼­±â 29³â¿¡¼­ 70³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ½Å¶óÀÇ »ç½ÅÀÌ ÀϺ»¿¡ µµÂøÇØ ¹ÌÄ«µµ(ð¨)¸¦ ¸¸³ª¼­ °Å¿ï, Ä®, º¸¼® ±×¸®°í ±× ¹ÛÀÇ °ø¿¹Ç°À» ¼±»çÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç½Ç¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀϺ»ÀÇ Àå½Å¼úÀÇ ¿¬¿ø¿¡ °üÇØ ÈùÆ®¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù. ½Å¶óÀÇ Ç°À§ ÀÖ´Â »ýÈ° ½À¼Ó°ú ¼¼½ÀÀû ±ÍÁ·Á¦¿Í ¿ä»õÈ­µÈ ¼º°û¿¡ °üÇÑ Áß±¹ »ç°¡µéÀÇ ±â·Ï°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÌ ¼±¹°¿¡¼­ ÃßÃøÇÏ°Ç´ë ½Å¶óÀÇ ¹®È­ ¼öÁØÀº ºÏÂÊÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô ³ª¶óº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ³ô¾ÒÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ±×µéÀº È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀϺ»º¸´Ùµµ ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ¹®¸íÀ» ÇâÀ¯Çß´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀϺ» ¹ÎÁ·Àº ±â¸§Áø ÅäÁö, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ µµ½Ã, ±×¸®°í ¼­¹æ¿¡¼­ ã¾Æ¿À´Â ¹æ¹®°´µé¿¡°Ô ¹æºñ°¡ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´ø Çؾȿ¡¼­ °¡Åë(Ê«÷Ö)À» ÀÕ°í ½ÍÀº À¯È¤À» ½±°Ô ´À²¼¾ú´Ù. (p. 72)

It is as nearly impossible to write the history of Corea and exclude Japan, as to tell the story of mediaeval England and leave out France. Not alone does the finger of sober history point directly westward as the immediate source of much of what has been hitherto deemed of pure Japanese origin, but the fountain-head of Japanese mythology is found in the Sungari valley, or under the shadows of the Ever-White Mountains. (p. 51)
Çѱ¹»ç¸¦ ¼­¼úÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÀϺ»À» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Áß¼¼»ç¸¦ ¾²¸é¼­ ÇÁ¶û½º¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸Å­À̳ª ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ Àгë¶ó¸é, ¼ø¼öÇÑ ÀϺ» ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿¬¿ø¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀº Á÷Á¢ ¼­ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±× ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀϺ» ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ¿øõÀº ¼ÛÈ­°­(áæü£Ë°) °è°îÀ̳ª Àå¹é»ê¸ÆÀÇ ±×´Ã¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.(p. 94)

 ±×¸®Çǽº´Â Áø±¸È²ÈÄÀÇ ½Å¶ó¿øÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ "½Å¶ó¸¦ Á¤º¹Çß´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº »ç½ÇÀÓÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù"¶ó°í ´Ü¾ðÇß´Ù. ½Åº¹·æÀº ¿ªÁÖ¿¡¼­ "»ç·á ¼±º°¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ³ÃÁ¤À» ±âÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â ºñ³­À» ¸éÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù"¶ó°í ºñÆÇÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ½Åº¹·æ Àڽŵµ È¿°íÇö°ú ¿äÄÚÇϸ¶ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Á¡À̳ª ÇìÀÌÄɸð³ë°¡Å¸¸®(øÁÊ«ÚªåÞ)¸¦ À߸ø ¾´ Á¡À¸·Î º¸¸é ºñ³­À» ¸éÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿î °Í °°´Ù. ¶Ç ±×¸®Çǽº°¡ ÀϺ»¾î ¹ßÀ½´ë·Î "Jingu"¶ó°í ½èÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í Á¾½ÃÀÏ°ü "¡Äí"¶ó°í Ç¥±âÇÑ °Íµµ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ¾È°¡´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

The Japanese accept the story of Jingu and her conquest as sound history, and adorn their greenback paper money with pictures of her foreign exploits. Critics reject many elements in the tradition, such as her controlling the waves and drowning the Shinra army by the jewels of the ebbing and the flowing tide,1 and the delay of her accouchement by a magic stone carried in her girdle. The Japanese ascribe the glory of victory to her then unborn babe, afterward deified as Ojin, god of war, and worshipped by Buddhists as Hachiman or the Eight-bannered Buddha. Yet many temples are dedicated to Jingu, one especially famous is near Hiogo, and Koraiji (Corean village) near Oiso, a few miles from Yokohama, has another which was at first built in her honor. Evidently the core of the narrative of conquest is fact.
1 The story, told in fullin the Heiké Monogatari, is given in English in "Japanese Fairy World." (p. 55)
ÀϺ»ÀεéÀº ¡Äí ȲÈÄÀÇ ¿ª»ç³ª ±×ÀÇ ½Å¶ó Á¤¹úÀ» Á¤»ç·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°¡ ¿Ü±¹À» Á¤¹úÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÁöÆóÀÇ µÞ¸é¿¡ ÀμâÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î À̸¦ °íÁýÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¡Äí ȲÈÄ°¡ Æĵµ¸¦ ÀáÀÚ°Ô Çߴٵ簡, ¹Ð¹°°ú ½ä¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ½Å¶ó±ºÀ» ¹°¿¡ ºüÁ® Á×°Ô Çߴٵ簡, ¹è¶ì¿¡ ´ãÀº ¸¶¹ýÀÇ µ¹À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¸¸(ÝÂØ´)À» ´ÊÃß¾ú´Ù12)´Â µî ¡Äí ȲÈÄÀÇ Àü¼³¿¡´Â ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀεéÀº ´ç½Ã ½Â¸®ÀÇ ¿µ±¤À» ±×ÀÇ ¹î¼Ó¿¡ µé¾ú´ø ¾Æ±â¿¡°Ô·Î µ¹¸°´Ù. ÀÌ ¾ÆÀÌ´Â ±× ÈÄ ¿ÀÁø õȲ(ëëãêô¸üÕ)ÀÌ µÇ¾î ±º½Å(ÏÚãê)À¸·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºÒµµ(ÝÖÓù)µéÀº ±×¸¦ ÇÏÄ¡¸¸(ø¢Ûß)13)À̶ó°í °æ¹èÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸¹Àº »ç¿ø¿¡¼­´Â ¡Äí ȲÈÄ¿¡°Ô Á¦¸¦ µå¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ±× Áß¿¡¼­µµ À¯¸íÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î´Â È¿°íÇö(ܲͷúã) ±Ùó¿¡ ¿äÄÚÇϸ¶(üôÞ´)¿¡¼­ ¸î ¸¶ÀÏ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿ÀÀ̼Ò(ÓÞÑ´) ±ÙóÀÇ °í·ÁÃÌ(ÍÔÕòõ½)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¿øÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¾Ö´çÃÊ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ±×¸¦ ¸ð½Ã±â À§ÇØ °ÇÃàµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡Äí ȲÈÄ°¡ ½Å¶ó¸¦ Á¤º¹Çß´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº »ç½ÇÀÓÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù.14)
12) (ÇÊÀÚ ÁÖ) ¡ºÇìÀÌÅ°¸ð³ë°¡Å¸¸®¡»(ܲʫڪåÞ)¿¡ Àü¹®ÀÌ ¼ö·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â Japanese Fairy World¿¡ ¿µ¿ªµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½.
13) ÇÏÄ¡¸¸(ø¢Ûß): ¡Äí ȲÈÄÀÇ ½Å»ç(ãêÞæ). ±Ã½Ã(ÏáãÅ)ÀÇ ¼öÈ£½ÅÀ¸·Î¼­ ¹«»çµéÀÇ ¼þ¾ÓÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ½.
14) ¡Äí ȲÈÄÀÇ ¡¸»ïÇÑÁ¤¹ú¼³¡¹(ß²ùÛïÖÛéàã) : Çѱ¹Ãø »ç·á·Î¼­´Â ÀüÇô ÀÔÁõÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ´õ ¸»ÇÒ ³ªÀ§µµ ¾øÀ¸·Á´Ï¿Í ÀϺ»Ãø ÇÐÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡µµ À̸¦ Á¤»ç·Î º¸´Âµ¥ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½Ã ÇѹݵµÀÇ ³²Çؾȿ¡ ¿Ö°ü(èÞν)ÀÇ ºÐÅÁÁúÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀ̳ª ´ç½ÃÀÇ ¹®È­Àû ¼öÁØÀ» º¼ ¶§ ¿Ö°üÀº ½Å¶ó¸¦ Á¤º¹ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ±º»çÀû-¹®È­Àû ´É·ÂÀ» °®ÃßÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¡Äí ȲÈÄÀÇ ¡¸»ïÇÑÁ¤¹ú¼³¡¹À» ±âÁ¤ »ç»ì·Î ±â¼úÇÑ ÇÊÀÚ´Â »ç·á ¼±º°¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ³ÃÁ¤À» ±âÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â ºñ³­À» ¸éÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù.(p. 99)

 ±×¸®Çǽº´Â ºÎ»êÀÇ ¿Ö°üÀ» ºÐ·ÎÄí, °ÔÀÌÃÊÀÇ ¿ª(ÀÓÁø¿Ö¶õ)¶§ ÀϺ»ÀÌ È¹µæÇÑ Á¶°è°°Àº °÷À¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±×¸®ÇǽºÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ¿´°í ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ½Åº¹·æÀÇ ¹ø¿ª°ú ÁÖ¼®¿¡´Â Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

The possession of Fusan by the Japanese was, until 1876, a perpetual witness of the humiliating defeat of the Coreans in the war of 1592-1597, and a constant irritation to their national pride. Their popular historians, passing over the facts of the case, substitute pleasing fiction to gratify the popular taste. (p. 150)
ÀϺ»¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÎ»êÀÇ Á¡À¯´Â 1876³â¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀÓÁø¿Ö¶õ¿¡ Á¶¼±ÀÌ ÆÐÇß´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â Áõ°Å°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Á¶¼±ÀÎÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·Àû ÀÚÁ¸½É¿¡ ¿µ¿øÇÑ Àڱع°ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.13) ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç½ÇµéÀ» Áö³ªÃÄ ¹ö¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ »ç°¡µéÀº ´ëÁßÀÇ ÀÔ¸ÀÀ» ¸ÂÃß±â À§ÇØ Àç¹ÌÀÖ°Ô ²Ù¸çÁø »ç½Çµé·Î ´ëüÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
13) ÀÓÁø¿Ö¶õ ÀÌÈÄ ÀϺ»ÀÎÀÌ ºÎ»êÀ» Á¡À¯
(posession)Çß´Ù´Â ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ±â·ÏÀº Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÀϺ»Ãø »ç·á¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÓÁø¿Ö¶õ ÀÌÈÄ ÀÏÀεéÀº ´Ù¸¸ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ °ÅÁÖÁö(ßÂν) ³»¿¡¼­ ¹«¿ª¿¡ Á¾»çÇßÀ» µû¸§ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ±â·ÏÀº ´ëü·Î ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ±×¿Í °°Àº ¿ÀÇØ·Î ÀÏ°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. (p. 207)

This is a good specimen of Corean varnish-work carried into history. The rough facts are smoothed over by that well-applied native lacquer, which is said to resemble gold to the eyes. The official gloss has been smeared over more modern events with equal success, and even defeat is turned into golden victory. (pp. 150-151)
À§ÀÇ ±â·ÏÀº Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ª»ç¸¦ È£µµÇÑ ÁÁÀº ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. °ÅÄ£ »ç½ÇµéÀÌ Á¢Âø¼ºÀÌ ÁÁÀº Åä»ê ¿ÌÄ¥·Î ¹Ýµé¹ÝµéÇÏ°Ô ´Ùµë¾îÁ®¼­ ´«À¸·Î º¸±â¿¡´Â ±ÝÀ» ´à¾Ò´Ù´Â ¸»À» µè´Â´Ù. ±Ù´ë»ç¿¡¼­´Â ¾ç±¹ÀÌ ´ëµîÇß´Ù°í °ø½Ä ±â·ÏµéÀº È£µµµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÆÐÀüµµ À§´ëÇÑ ½Â¸®·Î ¹Ù²î¾î °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. (p. 208)

Fusan has been held by the Japanese from very ancient times. Until 1868 it was a part of the fief of the daimio of Tsushima. (p. 202)
ºÎ»êÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¸Õ ¿¾³¯·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Ã¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀϺ»¿¡°Ô Á¡À¯µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. 1868³â±îÁö ºÎ»êÀº ´ë¸¶µµÁÖ(ÓßÓöÖÅñ«)ÀÇ ¿µÁö(ÖÅò¢)ÀÇ ÀϺο´´Ù.54)
54) ÀÌ ±â·ÏÀº ÇÊÀÚ°¡ ÀϺ»ÃøÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» ¹«ºñÆÇÀûÀ¸·Î ÀοëÇѵ¥¿¡¼­ ¿¬À¯µÈ ¿À·ùÀÌ´Ù.
(p. 271)

 ÀÌ·± À߸øµÈ Çؼ®ÀÌ ÀϺ»ÀÌ Á¶¼±À» ÇÕ¹æÇßÀ» ¶§ÀÇ ±¹Á¦ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´ÂÁö ¸ð¸£°ÚÁö¸¸ ÃÖÈıîÁö ¼öÁ¤µÈ ÀûÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. 1920³âÀÌ µÇ¾î¼­¾ß ¹ÚÀº½Ä°ú ÀÌ°ü¼ö°¡ ¼öÁ¤À» ½ÃµµÇßÁö¸¸ °á±¹ °³Á¤ÆÇÀº ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

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 óÀ½ Á¶¼±À» º¸°í ÀüÇÑ ¼­¾çÀÎÀº 1653³â ½ºÆ丣º£¸£È£¸¦ Ÿ°í ÀÚÄ«¸£Å¸¿¡¼­ ³ª°¡»çÅ°·Î ÇâÇß´Ù°¡ Á¦ÁÖµµ¿¡ Ç¥ÂøÇÑ ³×´ú¶õµåÀεéÀ̾ú´Ù. Á¶¼±Àº ±×µéÀ» ±¹³»¿¡ ¾ï·ùÇßÁö¸¸ 1666³â¿¡ Çîµå¸¯ Çϸá(Hendrik Hamel)µî 8¸íÀÌ ³ª°¡»çÅ°·Î Å»ÃâÇØ °á±¹ 15¸íÀÌ ÀÚÄ«¸£Å¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇϸáÀÇ º¸°í¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ À¯·´ÀÎÀÌ Á÷Á¢ º» Á¶¼±ÀÌ ÀüÇØÁ³Áö¸¸ ´ç¿¬È÷ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Æò°¡°¡ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®Çǽº´Â Á¶¼±ÀεéÀ» À¯·´ÀÎÀ» ÈñÇÑÇÑ Áü½Â Ãë±ÞÇÑ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇß´Ù.

Like the black potentates of Africa, who like to possess a white man, believing him to be a ¡°spirit,¡± or a New Zealand chief, who values the presence of a ¡°paheka Maori¡± (Englishman), the Coreans of that day considered their western ¡°devil¡± a piece of property worth many tiger skins. (p. 168)
¹éÀÎÀº ½Å·É(ãêÖÄ)À̶ó°í ¹Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À̸¦ ÇÑ ¸íÂë °®°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ °ËÀº ±ºÁÖ³ª, ÆÄÇìÄ« ¸¶¿À¸®(Paheka Maori: ¿µ±¹ÀÎ)°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸é ±æÁ¶·Î ¾Æ´Â ´ºÁú·£µåÀÇ ÃßÀåó·³ ±× ´ç½ÃÀÇ Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾çÀ̶õ È£ÇÇ¿¡ ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô °ªÁø Àç»êÀÌ µÈ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. (p. 229)

In the capital, as they had been along the road, the Dutchmen were like wild beasts on show. Crowds flocked to see the white-faced and red-bearded foreigners. They must have appeared to the natives as Punch looks to English children. The women were even more anxious than men to get a good look. Every one was especially curious to see the Dutchmen drink, for it was generally believed that they tucked their noses up over their ears when they drank. The size and prominence of the nasal organ of a Caucasian first strikes a Turanian with awe and fear. Thousands of people no doubt learned, for the first time, that the western ¡°devils¡± were men after all, and ate decent food and not earthworms and toads. (p. 171)
¼­¿ï¿¡ À̸¥ ÀÌ È¦¶õµåÀεéÀº ±× µ¿¾È ±æ¿¡¼­ °ÞÀº °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, µ¿¹°¿øÀÇ ÄÚ³¢¸®¿Í °°¾Ò´Ù. ¾ó±¼ÀÌ Èñ°í ¼ö¿°ÀÌ ºÓÀº ÀÌ ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀ» º¸±â À§ÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¶¼¸¦ Áö¾î ¸ô·Áµé¾ú´Ù. ¾ç±¹ÀÇ ¾î¸°À̵éÀÌ ¡ºÃµÄ¡¡»(Punch)¸¦ º¸´Â ±âºÐÀ¸·Î Á¶¼±ÀεéÀº ±×µéÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ½ÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ÚÀÖ´Â Àå¸éÀ» º¸±â À§ÇØ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ³²Àڵ麸´Ù ´õ ¾È´ÞÀ̾ú´Ù. Ȧ¶õµåÀεéÀÌ ¹°À» ¸¶½Ç ¶§¸é ±×µéÀÇ ÄÚ¸¦ ±ÍÂÊÀ¸·Î ÃßÄÑ µé¸®¶ó°í ±×µéÀº ¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ¹° ¸¶½Ã´Â Àå¸éÀ» º¸·Á°í ƯÈ÷ ¾È´ÞÇß´Ù. ÄÚÄ«¼­½ºÁ·ÀÇ ÄÚ´Â Å©°í ±× ¸ð¾çÀÌ Æ¯ÃâÇؼ­ ¿ì¼± ¿ì¶ö¾ËŸÀ̾îÁ·À» ³î¶ø°íµµ µÎ·Æ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ¾çÀÌ(åÇì¨)µéÀº ¾öû³­ ¾çÀ» ¸ÔÁö¸¸ Áö··À̳ª µÎ²¨ºñ´Â ¸ÔÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Ö´çÃÊ¿¡´Â ÀÇ½É ¾øÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. (p. 232)

 Áß±¹°ú ÀϺ»ÀÌ À¯·´°ú ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ±³·ù¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÑ µ¿¾È Á¶¼±Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Æó¼âµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Á¶¼±À» º» À¯·´ÀÎÀº 1830³â´ë¿¡ Áß±¹¿¡¼­ ¹ÐÀÔ±¹ÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎ ¼±±³»çµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ´Þ·¹(Claude-Charles Dallet)´Â ÀÌ ½ÃÀý Á¶¼±¿¡¼­ È°µ¿ÇÑ ¼±±³»çµéÀÇ ÆíÁö¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ¡°Á¶¼±±³È¸»ç¡±(Histoire de L'Eglise de Corée, 1874)¸¦ ½è´Ù. ±×¸®ÇǽºÀÇ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ±ÛµéÀº ´Þ·¹ÀÇ ÀúÀÛ¿¡¼­ ¾òÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.

Chō-sen is represented as a human being, of whom the king is the head, the nobles the body, and the people the legs and feet. The breast and belly are full, while both head and lower limbs are gaunt and shrunken. The nobles not only drain the life-blood of the people by their rapacity, but they curtail the royal prerogative. The nation is suffering from a congestion, verging upon a dropsical condition of over-officialism. (p. 229)
Áï Á¶¼±À» ÇϳªÀÇ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¹¦»çÇÏ¿© ¿ÕÀº ¸Ó¸®ÀÌ°í ¾ç¹ÝÀº ¸öÀÌ°í Æò¹ÎÀº ´Ù¸®ÀÌ´Ù. °¡½¿°ú ¹è´Â ºÒ·èÇѵ¥ ¸Ó¸®¿Í ´Ù¸®´Â ¼öôÇÏ°Ô ¿òÃ÷·¯µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ç¹ÝµéÀº Ž¿å½º·´°Ôµµ ¹é¼ºÀÇ ÇǸ¦ »¡¾Æ¸ÔÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÕÀÇ ´ë±Çµµ °¡·Îæ´Ù. Á¶¼±Àº °ü±Ç ¸¸´ÉÀÇ ¼öÁ¾Áõ(â©ðþñø)¿¡ °É·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÃâÇ÷·Î °í»ýÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. (pp. 303-304)

In the higher classes, when a young woman has arrived at marriageable age, none even of her own relatives, except those nearest of kin, is allowed to see or speak to her. Those who are excepted from this rule must address her with the most ceremonious reserve. After their marriage, the women are inaccessible. They are nearly always confined to their apartments, nor can they even look out in the streets without permission of their lords. So strict is this rule that fathers have on occasions killed their daughters, husbands their wives, and wives have committed suicide when strangers have touched them even with their fingers. (p. 245)
»ó·ù »çȸ¿¡¼­´Â ÀþÀº ¿©ÀÚ°¡ °áÈ¥ÇÒ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ À̸£¸é ±×ÀÇ °¡Àå °¡±î¿î Ç÷Á· ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¼³»ç ±× ¿©ÀÚÀÇ Ä£Ã´À̶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ±×¸¦ ¸¸³ª¼­µµ ¾È µÇ°í ±×¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ¸»À» Çؼ­µµ ¾È µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü½ÀÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü·Î ±× ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸³ª ¸»À» ÇÏ·Á¸é °¡Àå Á¤ÁßÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ» °®Ãß¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©ÀÚ°¡ °áÈ¥À» ÇÑ µÚ¿¡´Â ´©±¸µµ ±×¿¡°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº °ÅÀÇ Ç×»ó ±Ô¹æ¿¡ °¨±ÝµÇ´Ù½ÃÇÇ µÇ¸ç, ¹Ù±ùÁÖÀÎÀÇ Çã¶ô ¾øÀÌ´Â °Å¸®¿¡ ³ª°¥ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À²¹ýÀº ³Ê¹«µµ ÁؾöÇؼ­ °æ¿ì¿¡ µû¶ó¼­´Â ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×ÀÇ µþÀ» Á׿´°í, ³²ÆíÀÌ ¾Æ³»¸¦ Á׿´À¸¸ç, ¿Ü°£ ³²ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ°¡¶ô¸¸ ´ê¾Æµµ ¿©ÀεéÀº ÀÚ»ìÇß´Ù. (p. 310)

The great virtue of the Coreans is their innate respect for and daily practice of the laws of human brotherhood. Mutual assistance and generous hospitality among themselves are distinctive national traits. (p. 288)
Á¶¼± »ç¶÷ÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¹Ì´öÀº Àΰ£Àº ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÇÑ ÇüÁ¦¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¹ýÄ¢À» Ãæ½ÇÈ÷ Á¸ÁßÇÏ°í ¶Ç ¸ÅÀϸÅÀÏ ½ÇõÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·¼ºÀº »óºÎ»óÁ¶ÇÏ°í ÈÄ´öÇÑ ÀÎÁ¤À» º£Ç¬´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¦ ¹ÎÁ·¼º°ú ±¸º°µÈ´Ù. (p. 371)

As may be imagined, such a system is prolific in breeding beggars, tramps, blackmailers, and lazy louts, who ¡°sponge¡± upon the benevolently disposed. Rich families are often bored by these self-invited parasites, who eat with unblushing cheek at their tables for weeks at a time. They do not even disdain - nay, they often clamor for - closing as well.
½±°Ô ÃßÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç³¼ÓÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀÎÁ¤ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±â½Ä(ÐöãÝ)ÇÏ´Â °ÅÁö, ºÎ¶ûÀÚ, °ø°¥¹è ±×¸®°í °ÔÀ¸¸¥ Ã̶߱âµéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ºÎÀãÁý¿¡´Â ûÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀº ½Ä°´µéÀÌ Ã£¾Æ¿Í¼­ Èľȹ«Ä¡(ý§äÔÙíö»)ÇÏ°Ôµµ ¸î ÁÖÀϾ¿ ¸Ô°í °£´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀº ÀÇ°üÀ» ¼ÒȦÈ÷ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï Á»´õ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×µéÀº ÀǺ¹±îÁöµµ °¡Á®¿À¶ó°í È£·ÉÇÑ´Ù. (pp. 372-373)

 ±×¸®Çǽº´Â Á¶¼±ÀÎÀ» Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀ» °æ°èÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù.

The Coreans have been so often represented, or rather misrepresented, as inhospitable, fierce, and rude by foreigners, that to give an inside view of them as seen through information gathered from the French missionaries in Corea is a pleasant task. From them we may learn how much the white-coated peninsulars are like their cousins, the Japanese, and that human nature in good average quantity and quality dwells under the big hats of the Coreans. (pp. 287-288)
Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ôÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í °Ý·ÄÇÏ°í °ÅÄ¥´Ù°í ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀº ³Ê¹«µµ Á¾Á¾ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾Æ´Ï ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À߸ø Ç¥ÇöÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Á¶¼±¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ¶û½º ¼±±³»çµéÀÌ ¼öÁýÇÑ ÀÚ·á¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ±×µéÀÇ ³»¸é »ýÈ°À» Á¶°¨ÇØ º»´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µé°ú »ç±Í´Ù º¸¸é ÀÌ ¹ÝµµÀÇ ¹éÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »çÃÌÀÎ ÀϺ»Àΰú ¾ó¸¶³ª ´à¾Ò´Â°¡¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ °« ¾Æ·¡¿¡´Â ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î³ª ¾çÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Àΰ£¼ºÀÌ ±êµé¾î ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. (pp. 370-371)

 ±×·¡µµ 19¼¼±â Á¶¼±À» º» À¯·´ÀεéÀº ÁÁÀº ÀλóÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 1832³â¿¡ Àü¶óµµ¸¦ ãÀº µ¶ÀÏÀÎ ¼±±³»ç ±¸Ãú¶óÇÁ(Charles Gutzlaff)ÀÇ È°µ¿¸¦ ¹¦»çÇϸ鼭 ±×¸®Çǽº´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½è´Ù.

Deeply impressed with their poverty, dirt, love of drink, and degradation, the Protestant, after being nearly a month among the Coreans, left their shores, fully impressed with their need of soap and bibles. (p. 360)
°¡³­, ºÒ°á, ÆøÀ½, Ÿ¶ô¼º¿¡ ±íÀº ÀλóÀ» ¹ÞÀº ±×´Â Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ 1°³¿ù °£ ¸Ó¹® ÈÄ¿¡, ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ºñ´©¿Í ¼º°æÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àý½ÇÈ÷ ´À³¢¸é¼­ ÇؾÈÀ» ¶°³µ´Ù.(p. 461)

 1867³â¿¡ Á¦³Ê·² ¼Å¸ÕÈ£ »ç°ÇÀ» Á¶»çÇϱâ À§ÇØ Æò¾çÀ» ãÀº ½´ÆçÆ®(Shufeldt) ¼±Àåµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù.

To the polished American¡¯s eye, the Corean¡¯s manner was haughty and imperious. He was utterly beyond the reach of reason and of argument. In his person he seemed "the perfect type of a cruel and vindictive savage." (p. 394)
¼¼·ÃµÈ ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ ´«À¸·Î º¸±â¿¡´Â Á¶¼± »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿¹¹ýÀº ¸Å¿ì ¿À¸¸ºÒ¼ÕÇß´Ù. ±×´Â Å͹«´Ïµµ ¾ø´Â ¸»À» Çß´Ù. Àΰ£ÀûÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§ ±×´Â ¡¸ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°íµµ º¹¼ö½É¿¡ ºÒŸ´Â ¾ß¸¸Á·ÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¸ð½À¡¹À¸·Î º¸¿´´Ù.(p. 504)

 ±×¸®Çǽº´Â ÀÏÀÏÀÌ Á¤º¸ÀÇ Ãâ¼Ò¸¦ ¹àÈ÷Áö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ¹Ì°³ÇÔ, ¾ß¸¸ÇÔ, ¹®È­Àû ºó°ïÀÇ ±â¼úÀÌ ´©±¸ÀÇ Áõ¾ðÀÎÁö´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The vocabulary of torture is sufficiently copious to stamp Chō-sen as still a semi-civilized nation. The inventory of the court and prison comprises iron chains, bamboos for beating the back, a paddle-shaped implement for inflicting blows upon the buttocks, switches for whipping the calves till the flesh is ravelled, ropes for sawing the flesh and bodily organs, manacles, stocks, and boards to strike against the knees and skin-bones. (p. 234)
¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¶¼±À» ¹Ý(Úâ)¾ß¸¸ÀûÀ̶ó°í ³«ÀÎÀ» Âï±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ÀÌ ³ª¶ó¿¡´Â °í¹®(͸Ùý)¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾îÈÖ°¡ ¸¹´Ù. ÀçÆÇ°ú °¨¿ÁÀÇ µµ±¸·Î¼­´Â ¼è»ç½½, µîÀ» Ä¡´Â ´ë³ª¹«, º¼±â¸¦ Ä¡±â À§ÇØ ¸¸µç ³ë(ÖÐ)ó·³ »ý±ä ¸ùµÕÀÌ, ÀåµýÁöÀÇ »ìÀÌ ¹¶±×·¯Áöµµ·Ï ¶§¸®´Â ¸ùµÕÀÌ, »ì°ú ½ÅüÀÇ °¢ Á¶Á÷À» ÅéÁúÇϵíÀÌ ¹®Áö¸£´Â ¹åÁÙ, Á·¼â, ¼ö°© ±×¸®°í ¹«¸­°ú Á¤°­À̸¦ ¶§¸®´Â ³ÎºþÁö µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. (p. 310)

Corean architecture is in a very primitive condition. The castles, fortifications, temples, monasteries and public buildings cannot approach in magnificence those of Japan or China. The country, though boasting hoary antiquity, has few ruins in stone. The dwellings are tiled or thatched houses, almost invariably one story high. In the smaller towns there are not arranged in regular streets, but scattered here hand there. Even in the cities and capital the streets are narrow and tortuous. (p. 262)
Á¶¼±ÀÇ °ÇÃàÀº ¸Å¿ì ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ¼º, ¿ä»õ, Àý, ¾ÏÀÚ ±×¸®°í °ø°ø °Ç¹°µéÀº ±× Àå·ÁÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÀϺ»À̳ª Áß±¹ÀÇ ±×°Í¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µéÀº °í»ö ⿬ÇÑ À¯ÀûµéÀ» ÀÚ¶ûÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼®Á¶¹°Àº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ÁÖÅÃÀº ±â¿Í³ª ÃÊ°¡ ÁöºØÀÌ¸ç °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ´ÜÃþÀÌ´Ù. ÀÛÀº ¸¶À»¿¡´Â µµ·Î°¡ Á¤ºñµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ¾Æ¹«·¸°Ô³ª »¸¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â µµ½Ã³ª ¼­¿ïÀÇ °Å¸®µµ Á¼°í ²¿ºÒ²¿ºÒÇÏ´Ù. (p. 342)

The culture of their native tongues has been neglected by Corean scholars. The consequence is, that after so many centuries of national life, Chō-sen possesses no literature worthy of the name. Only rare cases are native books translated into either Chinese or Japanese. (p. 339)
Á¶¼±ÀÇ °ÇÃàÀº ¸Å¿ì ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ¼º, ¿ä»õ, Àý, ¾ÏÀÚ ±×¸®°í °ø°ø °Ç¹°µéÀº ±× Àå·ÁÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÀϺ»À̳ª Áß±¹ÀÇ ±×°Í¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Á¶¼± »ç¶÷µéÀº °í»ö ⿬ÇÑ À¯ÀûµéÀ» ÀÚ¶ûÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼®Á¶¹°Àº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ÁÖÅÃÀº ±â¿Í³ª ÃÊ°¡ ÁöºØÀÌ¸ç °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ´ÜÃþÀÌ´Ù. ÀÛÀº ¸¶À»¿¡´Â µµ·Î°¡ Á¤ºñµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ¾Æ¹«·¸°Ô³ª »¸¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â µµ½Ã³ª ¼­¿ïÀÇ °Å¸®µµ Á¼°í ²¿ºÒ²¿ºÒÇÏ´Ù. (p. 342)

It is evident from all the information gathered from sources within and without the hermit nation, that though there is culture of a certain sort among the upper classes, there is little popular education worthy of a name. The present condition of Chō-sen is that of Europe in the Middle Ages. (p. 344)
ÀºÀÚÀÇ ³ª¶ó Á¶¼±ÀÇ ±¹³»¿Ü¿¡¼­ ¾ò¾îÁø ¿©·¯ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÀÚ·áµéÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇØ º¼ ¶§ ±×µéÀÇ »ó·ù »çȸ¿¡´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¹®È­¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹«¾î¶ó°í À̸§À» ºÙÀÏ ¸¸ÇÑ ¹ÎÁß ±³À°Àº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ Á¶¼±ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¤Àº Áß¼¼ À¯·´ÀÇ ±×°Í°ú °°´Ù. (p. 442)

The Corean rustic is, as a rule, illiterate. Probably only about four out of ten males of the farming class can read either Chinese or Corean, but counting in the women it is estimated that about eighty-five per cent of the people can neither read nor write, though the percentage varies greatly with the locality. (p. 444)
Á¶¼±ÀÇ ½Ã°ñÀº ´ë°³ ¹®¸ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ó¹Î °è±ÞÀÇ ³²ÀÚµéÀº ¾Æ¸¶ 40% °¡·®ÀÌ Çѹ®°ú ÇѱÛÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ Åë»êÇÑ´Ù¸é Áö¹æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ Ä¿´Ù¶õ Â÷À̸¦ º¸À̱â´Â ÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, ½Ã°ñ Àα¸ÀÇ 85%´Â ¹®¸ÍÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. (p. 565)

The son of the soil is superstitious to the last degree. He lives in constant terror of the demons and spirits that overpopulate earth, air, and water, for he is without the protection that the certainties of science or the strength of pure religion furnishes. (p. 445)
ÈëÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕµéÀº ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â °úÇÐÀÇ È®½ÅÀ̳ª ¼ø¼ö Á¾±³ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀÌ Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ´Â »îÀÇ º¸ÀåÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¶¥°ú °ø±â¿Í ¹° ¼Ó¿¡ »ª»ªÀÌ µé¾î¹ÚÇô ÀÖ´Â ¾Ç¸¶³ª ±Í½Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³¡¾ø´Â °øÆ÷ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. (p. 566)

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Çѱ¹ ¹®È­ÀÇ Àú·ÂÀº ¹®±â(ÙþѨ)¿´´Ù [Á¶¼±ÀϺ¸ 2007/10/26]
http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/10/26/2007102601360.html


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'¼­¾çÀÎÀÌ º» Á¶¼±' ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·Ïµé [ÇÑ°Ü·¹ 2005/04/25]
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